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Alfonso XI remained a threat and the war between Castile and the Marinids and Nasrids continued, culminating in the Battle of Rio Salado in 1340. At sea, the Marinid navy, assisted by Hafsid ships, defeated the Castilian fleet, assisted by Catalan ships.

The following century, King Alfonso X ('The Wise' / 'El Sabio', Wikipedia) of Castile commissioned several books, including the Libro de los Juegos (Book of Games; Wikipedia) with its famous illustrations. You can see the earliest manuscript of this book at El Escorial near Madrid, as I did once.

In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language. Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian.

4 History Toggle History subsection 4.1 Carthaginians and Romans 4.2 Vandals, Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire 4.3 Al-Andalus states 4.4 Crown of Castile 4.5 Habsburg Spain 4.6 Francoist oppressions 5 Government and politics Toggle Government and politics subsection 5.1 Autonomous Government 5.2 Judicial power 6 Administrative divisions

Isabella's younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on 17 November 1453, demoting her position to third in line. When her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Henry IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Alfonso were left in King Henry's care.

They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, Alfonso X gave up his claims to Gascony, and Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year.

University of Sevilla, Spanish coeducational state institution of higher learning at Sevilla, with branches at Cádiz and Huelva. Although its origin is unclear, the school may have begun as early as 1254 under Alfonso X, king of Castile and Leon. It was established as the Major College (Colegio.