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The history of Tucson, Arizona began thousands of years ago. Paleo-Indians practiced plant husbandry and hunted game in the Santa Cruz River Valley from 10,000 or earlier BCE . Archaic peoples began making irrigation canals, some of the first in North America, around 1,200 BCE . [1]
Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, population growth remained strong during the late 20th century.
Tucson actually began in 1776 as a small Spanish presidio, or walled fortress, a 750 feet square area, housing approximately 2 – 3 officers and 75 soldiers and their families. The square was surrounded by a 22 inch thick and 12 feet high protective wall.
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Early History of Tucson Located in Southern Arizona, Tucson was founded on August 20, 1776—an event celebrated annually at Tucson's birthday party, La Fiesta de San Agustín. But people had long before feeling something special here and made it their home.
Arizona History Museum | Arizona Historical Society 949 E. 2nd Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719 Tel: 520.628.5774 Fax: 520.628.5695 Museum Hours: (The Arizona History Museum in Tucson is closed today (3/8/23) due to technical difficulties. We apologize for the inconvenience and hope you will schedule your visit on a different day.
Taste the history & culture of Tucson: Tucson was the first city in the U.S. to be designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy thanks to the aforementioned ancient agricultural history and lasting cultural influences from Europe and Mexico.
For a History of Tucson in the 18th and 19th centuries from the people who lived there, see our article on History of Tucson as Told by the People Who Lived It. 1861 Butterfield Overland Mail ceases operation due to the Civil War. U.S. soldiers are needed back east to defeat the rebels.
Tucson, Arizona Territory ca. 1864. In the foreground are the orchards on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River. The American flag flies over the Presidio on the east bank. Two years earlier, Tucson was briefly the western capital of the Confederate States of America.