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Due to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the Risorgimento, the Wilhelmine government in Germany (especially under Emperor Wilhelm I) and the Nazi movement, resulting in both golden and dark legends.

His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his reorganisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment.

Reviewer: Dr Joseph Cronin. Queen Mary, University of London. Citation: Dr Joseph Cronin, review of Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871-1918, (review no. 2466) DOI: 10.14296/RiH/2014/2466. Date accessed: 24 November, 2023. 'German leaders slam extremists who rushed Reichstag steps’, Deutsche Welle, 30 August 2020 ...

Alexander II with his uncle, German Emperor William I, on a hunting trip together, 1872 Alexander's bureaucracy instituted an elaborate scheme of local self-government ( zemstvo ) for the rural districts (1864) and the large towns (1870), with elective assemblies possessing a restricted right of taxation, and a new rural and municipal police ...

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[2] Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which granted greater autonomy to Hungary and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.