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Mahmud II, (born July 20, 1785, Constantinople—died July 1, 1839, Constantinople), Ottoman sultan (1808–39) whose westernizing reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory.

Rule of Mahmud II. Internal reform; Move toward centralization; The Tanzimat reforms (1839–76) Purpose of the Tanzimat; Reform in education; Reforms in law; Obstructions to reforms; The 1875–78 crisis; The Ottoman constitution, 1876; Rule of Abdülhamid II. Pan-Islamism; Preservation of the empire; The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 ...

Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused. Mahmud II was born in Istanbul.

Mahmud II (1785–1839) Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808–39). Mahmud's reign saw conflict with Greece, Russia and Egypt. He was initially successful against Greece in the Greek War of Independence, but Russian and British intervention forced him to capitulate (1829) and led to the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29).

Rule of Mahmud II The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1807–1924 The triumph of the anti-reform coalition that had overthrown Selim III was interrupted in 1808 when the surviving reformers within the higher bureaucracy found support among the ayan s of Rumelia (Ottoman possessions in the Balkans ), who were worried by possible threats to ...

Religion. Sunni Islam. Mahmud II ( c. 1105 – 1131) was the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad from 1118–1131 following the death of his father Muhammad I Tapar. [1] At the time Mahmud was fourteen, and ruled over Iraq and Persia .

Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) and the First Shift in Modern Ruler Visibility in the Ottoman Empire Abstract The purpose of this article is to inquire into the causes and consequences, single events and long-term processes, of change in the notion and practice of Ottoman sultanic power representation during the reign of Mahmud II.

Mahmud II was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdül Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.